The primary emphasis is placed on publications that appeared in refereed literature starting from year 2008 and up to the present date. The survey covers general phenomenology of TLEs and their relationships to characteristics of individual thunderstorms and lightning, physical mechanisms and modeling of TLEs, past, present and future orbital observations of TLEs, and their chemical, energetic and electric effects on local and global scales.ĪB - This paper presents a literature survey on the recent developments related to experimental and modeling studies of transient luminous events (TLEs) in the middle atmosphere termed elves, sprites and jets that are produced in association with thunderstorm activity at tropospheric altitudes. N2 - This paper presents a literature survey on the recent developments related to experimental and modeling studies of transient luminous events (TLEs) in the middle atmosphere termed elves, sprites and jets that are produced in association with thunderstorm activity at tropospheric altitudes. T2 - Phenomenology, mechanisms and effectsĬopyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. J: Time-lapse from 0500 UT to 0530 UT over Texasīlue Jets, Gigantic Jets : No captures as yet! Camera is at the ready for these rarely caught events over land.T1 - Lightning related transient luminous events at high altitude in the earth's atmosphere
Two separate sprite events, close in time, with similar morphologies June 2014 : Six rare captures with video and radio emissions : Sprite -Meteor Coincidence and Possible Interaction : Gigantic Elve and Sprite Cluster Generated by 406 kAmp Mega-Lightning Stroke This refers to the process by which the light is generated the excitation of nitrogen molecules due to electron collisions (the electrons possibly having been energized by the electromagnetic pulse caused by a discharge from an underlying thunderstorm). ELVES is a whimsical acronym for Emissions of Light and Very Low Frequency Perturbations due to Electromagnetic Pulse Sources. ELVES were first recorded on another shuttle mission, this time recorded off French Guiana on October 7, 1990. Their color was a puzzle for some time, but is now believed to be a red hue. They occur in the ionosphere 100 km (62 mi) above the ground over thunderstorms. : Beautiful Sprites Captured at Closer Range ( scroll down page )ĮLVES : ELVES often appear as a dim, flattened, expanding glow around 400 km (250 mi) in diameter that lasts for, typically, just one millisecond. : Carrot sprites visible in strong moonlightĪp: Carrot sprite 700 km distant on the horizon : Jellyfish Sprite visible through neighborhood lights Thomas Ashcraft : Heliotown : New Mexico : Mail They were only first photographed in 1989 and verified by space shuttle images in 1991.įollowing are specimens of various types of sprites that I captured from my observatory in New Mexico. They often occur in clusters within the altitude range 50 to 90 km above the Earth's surface. Sprites appear as luminous reddish-orange flashes. They are generally triggered by positive cloud to ground lightning strokes. Sprites are brief large-scale electrical discharges that occur high above thunderstorm clouds giving rise to a varied range of visual shapes flashing in the sky. Near Infrared Photographs and Video Captures with VLF-ELF Radio Emissions Specimens : Transient Luminous Events in the Mesosphere Above: Dancing Sprites over eastern Colorado, May 21, 2014, at 9:01:12 pm Mountain Time.
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